Running head: POLLUTION PREVENTION 1
POLLUTION PREVENTION 2
Pollution Prevention Plan for Ashford City
Student’s Name
Course Name and Number
Instructor’s Name
Date Submitted
Pollution Prevention Plan for Ashford City
Introduction
Solid waste and wastewater management is a huge challenge in the cities and urban areas world over. Failure to implement proper Pollution Prevention Plan, the waste produced from human activities, both industrial and domestic, leads to health hazards and negative impacts on the environment. Whether wastewater or solid waste, the environmental conditions and available resources of a given surrounding are fundamental to the creation of an effective Pollution Prevention Plan. As the newly hired Pollution Prevention Planner of the City of Ashford, I will effectively incorporate all the principles of pollution prevention into my facility operations. My pollution prevention plan will assist me to determine new options of pollution prevention for the city whose population stands at 100, 000 residents but speedily expanding. Therefore, it is speculated that the city’s solid waste and wastewater production will soon outweigh the current structures. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to develop a proper pollution prevention Plan that will allow for development in the Ashford city to continue while limiting the environmental impact. The main goal of our plan will be to prevent pollution. Secondarily, the second goal will be to handle and treat the pollution in the city.
Pollution Prevention Plan
1. Get Organized
· Senior-level approval.
· Designation of the senior manager for the plan. The senior manager of the project must be accountable, have a high quality of integrity and transparency at all levels.
· Stimulate the commitment of my senior management team that I shall have constituted.
· Create website with Pollution Prevention Planning Database. The notices forms may be accomplished and submitted on-line. The notice concerning the undertaking of the project will be available for public consumption.
· Ensure that it is a team work and effort through the inclusion of all the employees, departments and the management.
2. Analyze my process
· Arrange in detail all the steps in individual processes that constitute may Pollution Prevention in the city of Ashford. The steps must allow for the success of the project at every stage. Failures will be limited through continued consolations within the team and outside.
· Review of all the aspects that are significant to the management of the facilities (buying, processing, generating, producing, distributing, treating, storing, disposing, or releasing of the waste products)
· Ascertain all the raw materials that may be utilized, discharge to the environment and generated waste. The wastes will be limited though the choice of environmentally friendly materials. The raw materials chosen will also be economical to the project.
· Find out the entire cost of the raw materials utilized, liberations to the environment and waste creation. The cost of raw material should meet the budget requirements limiting any waste of economic resources in the project.
· Tour the facility for waste management and seek answers to the progress of the projects from the engineers, senior management all the employees.
· Report all the progress and the requirements to the municipal council of the city.
· Target all the processes for the Prevention of Pollution.
3. Identify the Pollution Prevention alternatives
· Find out all the sources of the generated wastes and releases
· Arrange for a brainstorming meeting for the performance of management functions of the Pollution Prevention in the city.
· Regard a variety of pollution prevention techniques.
· Advocate for the employee participation.
· Look for help from outside.
4. Evaluate alternatives
· Carry out both political and economic feasibility studies of the plan. Moreover, the ideas to overcome the barriers will be proposed at this stage.
· Do the analysis to determine whether some of the steps in the Pollution Prevention may be eliminated to cut the operation cost and at the same time, maintain the efficiency of the plan.
· Pick the alternatives for execution.
5. Implement Projects
· Plan for the projects; Solid waste and wastewater management projects and land management program of the Ashford city.
· Set goals for the projects: the main goal of the projects will be to prevent pollution in the Ashford city while the secondary goal will be to hand and treat the pollution successfully.
6. Measure progress
· Report all the production variations to the municipal government of Ashford City.
· Determine the measurements of the reduction in the environmental releases. To this effect, an opportunity may be offered for the requirement of fewer regulatory needs. Secondly, conduct monitoring and measurement of the processes in the projects. Thirdly, evaluate the compliance. Fourthly, take the corrective action and counteractive actions. Fourthly, ensure that all the records of the operations of the facilities are controlled by the management team. Lastly, ensure that the management team undertakes the environmental management system internal audit.
· Evaluate the success of the project and the selected options.
· Publicize stories of the accomplishment of the project’s intended purposes.
· Continual enhancement programs.
The Map Below shows the exact location where the project will be carried out.
Ashford City.
Current pollution: 100,000 residents.
A Plan to Limit Solid Waste Production in a Growing Population of Ashford City
Solid waste management is a managed challenge that will be witnessed in the future since the population of the Ashford city is growing rapidly. The quantity of solid waste produced in the city will increase tremendously over the coming years, significantly due to the expansion of housing and commercial areas. This section will entail plan for to limit solid waste production in Ashford city. The main waste products in this city will include: kitchen and restaurant waste, domestic organic waste, municipal waste, food processing industrial waste. Current waste disposal approaches comprise end-of-pipe treatment (Baum R, 2013). However, our project aims at producing a process that has saleable output, uses solid waste for some other production process; for instance, the production of electricity through gasification. The aim of this plan will limit maximize recycling and product re-use to limit waste production in the city.
1. Senior-level sign-off; select the management team the will oversee the project of recycling waste products
2. Designation of senior manager for the plan; give out duties to the selected team.
3. Statement of the objectives and risk management plan.
4. Schedule for attaining these objectives.
5. Review of the significant aspect of limiting solid waste production
6. Selection of options.
7. Implementation
8. Evaluating success plans to limit solid waste production in the city
9. Reporting the success of the project
10. Continual improvement
Method of Managing Solid Waste that cannot be Prevented
Improper disposal of solid waste in a city can cause unsanitary conditions to the residents. Environmental Pollution results with regard to the poor solid waste management.
Since solid waste management give rise to complex technical problems. The picture above show shows sanitary landfill. Our team will choose technological approach to management of solid waste. While the population of Ashford city is expected to rise, the solid waste generation rates will rise. We will choose gasification. The solid waste will be incinerated to generate electricity at the facilities. The refuse collection will be done once per week and transported to the various facilities where necessary steps will be taken for management of the waste materials.
A plan to Prevent Excess Wastewater in the face of growing population of Ashford City
Waste water can be defined as a combination of the industrial effluent, storm water, and urban run-off. Moreover, it can imply to an assemblage of water from commercial institutions and establishments, including hospitals. Besides, the term wastewater can be used to refer to domestic effluent composed of black water. Since Ashford city has a great potential of growing in population and development, the volume of waste water will rise. Therefore, an appropriate plan must be implemented that will prevent excess wastewater in the city through maximizing re-use and recycling of wastewater. Below is a plan to prevent the excess wastewater in Ashford.
1. Senior-level sign-off.
2. Designation of senior manager for the plan.
3. Statement of the objectives and risk management plan.
4. Schedule for attaining these objectives.
5. Review of the significant aspect of limiting solid waste production.
6. Selection of options.
7. Implementation.
8. Evaluating success plan to limit solid waste production in the city.
9. Reporting the success of the project.
10. Continual improvement.
Method that will be used to manage wastewater that cannot be prevented
The wastewater management should ensure proper and uninterrupted management of waste from the origin to re-entry into the ecosystem or environment. This section will discuss the management of wastewater that cannot be prevented. The approaches normally depend on the population and area (urban/rural). Moreover, the level of economic development will be considered. Below is a wastewater management plan that our team will embrace, (Firdaus, 2010).
Centralized wastewater management
Since our area of concern is urban. It is appropriate that we use the centralized wastewater management approach. The method will involve:
· Metal recovery and treatment.
· Oil recovery and treatment.
· Multiple waste streams.
This will entail solubilizing water, emulsion breaking wastewater, laboratory-derived wastewater, landfills industrial waste and contaminated storm water.
· Organics recovery and treatment
The facilities will receive hazardous industrial effluence for treatment. The wastewater will contain high concentrations of pollutants which are hard to treat. Our facilities will fall within NAICS codes:
· Hazardous waste treatment and disposal (562211).
· Nonhazardous waste treatment and disposal (562219).
· Material recovery facilities (562920).
The treated wastewater will serve as drought-resistance water source. Some of the water will be used in the land management program. Secondly, it can be a source of energy. Through Anaerobic digestion methane gas will be produced in the built digesters in the facilities. Consequently, the gas will be supplied to the residents of the city at a fee.
The challenge is that project is capital intensive and may require a lot of funds to run smoothly. Sources of funds will be solicited from a non-governmental organization and the private investors.
Land Management Program to limit destruction in the Face of Expanding Housing and Commercial Areas
On behalf of the Municipal Council of Ashford. Our team will develop a land management program that will limit destruction in the whole city. The main task will include the provision of a legal framework for the land management program. Hence implement the city-run program at different levels, from the authority down to community level of the city. The program’s center of attraction is the training of experts and building capacity and in-service training of experts to build capacity for the implementation. The advisory services cuts across the aspects of technicality such as water, soil and plant conservation (Kokturk, 2011).
Land management programs that limit the destruction in the face of expanding population Ashford city will involve various sectors of the city’s structure. Consequently, these programs must make ascertain that the city remains attractive, promote safe investments from the private and local investors, improve democratic and social space, promote equality and security, promote public health and encourage participation from the communities of residents in the society. Therefore, our land management program will include the following areas:
· Industrial areas, existing
· Industrial region, new
· Nature and Parks, Existing
· Nature and parks, new
· Leisure and sport
· Mixed land management, existing
· Mixed land management, new
The industrial area with large parking lots, low land use, and large expansion surfaces will be densified to avail more space for other businesses and operations. Secondly, we will create more and greater public meeting places that are evenly distributed throughout the city. Much consideration will be put on the needs of the men, women, and children who reside in the city. Also, the program will be tailored to promote equal public health through designing of health promoting environments around the city. Thirdly, the greenery will be densified in the inner city. To this effect, the new parks will be added. Moreover, the previously used parking space will be used for the greenery or nature. The greenery along the streets will be increased through increasing the number of trees along Ashford city; balancing of the greenery in the city through ensuring that the small and large parks, city squares and nature areas are equally distributed in the whole city. Also, we will install modern traffic system that is well functioning and improves health at the same time. Fifthly, Proper waste sorting facilities and waste sorting stations will be placed evenly throughout the city. Sixthly, energy will be produced through the renewable energy production. The Wind, biomass, and gas will be considered.
Economic and Political Feasibility
So far the discourse has been bound to processes of the project. This section will evaluate the economic and political feasibility of the plan. Evaluation of the project’s costs and returns is necessary to ascertain whether the steps taken will lead to its success. Moreover, the project’s policies should be in line with the municipal council’s policies on waste management and political constrains.
Economic Feasibility of the Project
Apart from the wastewater management, the project is expected to be applied for generation of electricity and power through solid waste. Hence the power generation process will reduce the impact of burning fossil fuel for electricity production and solid waste impact to the environment. The use of pyrolysis or gasification may be used because of their good nature of thermal technologies in the project. However, the two technologies have high capital costs. Moreover, the process will be sophisticated resulting in the need for highly qualified experts of the technology, (Lettieri, 2009).
A. Greenhouse Gas step-down benefit.
According to United Nations, Inter-governmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC, 2006), the calculations below will provide the estimation for the reduction of the greenhouse gas through the massive solid waste management project.
CH4 Gg year = (MSWT×MSWF×MCF × DOC ×DOCF × F × (16/12) ? R) × (1?Ox). The symbols herein are explained below.
DOCF = Share occupied by DOC carbon that converts into landfill
16/12 = Conversion factor C to CH4
F = Fraction of methane in bio gas (use of the IPCC value of 0.5)
R = Methane recovery = 0
Ox = Share of methane oxidation in the upper layer of soil (use the IPCC value of 0)
MSWT = Total amount of refuse derivation (Gg/year)
MSWF = Share occupied by refuse transported to the disposal site
MCF = Methane formation compensation coefficient (unmanaged shallow site: 0.4)
DOC = Weight in tons based share of degradable organic carbon
The table below shows the guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (IPCC, 2006)
Waste Type
DOC Value
Paper
0.4
Wood
0.43
Food waste
0.15
Garden
0.2
Textiles
0.24
Nappies
0.24
Sludge
0.05
Industry 0.15
The table will be used in the project to evaluate the solid waste in Ashford city. We assume that since the facilities will be processing over 1000MT/day for gasification, the project will prevent air pollution in the city by a significant percentage. However, the challenge presented for this process is the incineration will be a source of air pollution to the city. Therefore, we recommend using the most advanced technology that will remove the harmful pollutants at the incineration facilities. Advanced technology in gasification will be used, (Zhang, 2011).
B. Electricity Generation Benefits
The Project will be used to generate electricity during the incineration of solid waste in the major facilities.
1. The assumption is that the project is expected to produce more than 3MW and supply to the national grid.
2. The revenue from electricity is projected to increase the national income by 1%.
C. Social cost/benefits
The residents of the Ashford city will get clean environment if the solid waste is collected and processed in promptly.
D. Employment benefits
The project will be labor intensive; therefore, will create employment opportunities. The number of the plants for this project is estimated at four; two solid waste and two wastewater management plants. Every one plant may create 200 jobs. The financial value of rewards is estimated to 1,000,000 US dollars per year.
E. Capital and cost of operation.
Based on the standard cost printed by the Municipal utility commission of Ashford, 5,000,000 US dollars per 1,000, 000 MT of solid waste and 2,000, 000 US dollars per 3,000,000,000 Liters of wastewater will be spent. On the contrary, there will be three major areas of the maintenance and operational costs.
1. General administration. Much of the general administration cost will be reduced through proper channels. The plants will require intensive administrative measures to improve efficiency. Many challenges will be faced since there will be the need for the employees to acquire newer skills needed to run the facilities. Equipping the management team with the required skills will be expensive and costly.
2. Waste management and power plants’ operation and maintenance.
3. Fundamental operational and maintenance cost
Political Feasibility of the Project
According to the Ashford Borough Council, waste collection Policy and Procedure Statement printed in the May 2014 clearly indicate all the procedure significant for the waste collection. The team is expected to collect waste in accordance with stipulated day and time in the Collection Policy and Procedure Statement of 2014. Therefore, our team will coordinate with the Ashford Borough Council to avoid all the occurrence of the conflict of interest between the government and the team.
However, the barriers to the implementation of the project will be overcome through the following steps:
1. Maintain facilities and the equipment via ongoing programs of maintenance.
· Avoid over lighting the facilities of solid waste and wastewater management.
· Use light-emitting diodes to show exit signs in the facilities.
· Use occupancy sensors within regions of sporadic use.
· Purchase higher-efficiency equipment. Always check the Energy Guide label.
· Analyze fuel-air and fuel gas ratio to enhance the efficiency in the facilities of both solid waste and wastewater management.
· Improve temperature control sensitivity and cut off.
· Maintain short lengths of the air hoses in the facilities.
· Preheat combustion air in the facility of solid waste management using the waste gas fuel.
· Motor speeds in the facilities should be controlled by variable speed drives.
2. Implement appropriate environmental management system(EMS). To this effect, the compliance with the regulation of the Municipal Council of Ashford city will be enhanced through improved compliance records of the project. Therefore, the EMS will be integrated into the management process of the pollution prevention of the city.
3. Employ Training should be in-house. The training will increase the efficiency of the management team. The training programs established to educate the employees and the entire team on the various changes of processes in the facilities will be tailored to meet the main and secondary goals of the project. The topics will include:
· Operation of newly purchased equipment.
· Appropriate material handling
The training programs will require great senior management commitment as well as the frequent communication. Therefore, the employees will understand the goals of the project.
Conclusion
In conclusion Ashford city is expected to develop; consequently, the population is also expected to grow throughout the time. Therefore, the best pollution prevention approach will allow for the harmonious living of the residents.
References
Baum R, L. J. (2013). Sanitation: A global estimate of sewerage connections without treatment and the resulting impact on MDG progress. New York: Environmental Science and Technology Press.
Firdaus, A. (2010). Management of Urban Solid Waste Pollution in Developing Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research, 795-806.
Kokturk, T. (2011). Sustainability in the city scale to fight global Warming. International Journal of Global Warming, 173-193.
Lettieri, Y. (2009). Techno-economic performance of energy-from-waste fluidized bed combustion and gasification processes in the UK context,. Chemical Engineering Journal, 315-327.
Zhang, R. (2011). Anaerobic Digestion technologies for the treatment of Municipal Solid Waste. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management,, 100-122.
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Running head: PO
LLUTION PREVENTION
1
Pollution Prevention Plan for Ashford City
Student’s Name
Course Name and Number
Instructor’s Name
Date Submitted
